= NOW 13 WPM = TEXT IS FROM JULY 2022 QST PAGE 87 = HC2FG, HC1BI, AND OA1F. MIKE, K7ULS DN41, IN UTAH, WORKED TWO STATIONS IN COSTA RICA. FRED, KH7Y/W6 CM98, IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, DECODED HC2FG AND TI2CC. THE F2 OPENING FADED OUT IN KANSAS BY 2015 UTC, BUT IT CONTINUED FOR STATIONS FURTHER WEST. TREY, N5KO CM97, WORKED STATIONS IN CE, HC, HK, LU, PJ4, AND TI. HIS OPENING PEAKED ABOUT AN HOUR LATER THAN IT DID IN THE MIDWEST STATES. THE STRONG CROSS COUNTRY SIGNALS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE GEOMAGNETIC STORM ARE HALLMARKS OF F2 PROPAGATION. LARRY NOTED < QST DE W1AW = MANY STATESIDE STATIONS WERE RECEIVED, AND HE THOUGHT IT MAY BE VIA SPORADIC E. I SUSPECT IT WAS F2 BACKSCATTER, WHICH OCCURS WHEN A SINGLE HOP F2 SIGNAL STRIKES THE EARTH, AND REFLECTS BACK VIA THE F LAYER. WHEN THE F2 OPENING TO SOUTH AMERICA FADED FOR ME, THE STATESIDE STATIONS FADED WITH IT, AND THE BAND WAS VERY QUIET. WHILE MANY STATIONS WERE BUSY WORKING FOREIGN DX STATIONS, BACKSCATTER CAN PICK UP NEW STATES AND GRID = END OF 13 WPM TEXT = QST DE W1AW <